“Lipodistrofiya” termini yog’
to’qimalarining to’gri taqsimlanishi buzilishini anglatadi. Bu esa o’z
navbatida qomat buzilishiga olib keladi. Ilgari buning sababi proteaza
ingibitorlari qo’llanishi deb hisoblangan, lekin hozirgi paytda TTNNI sinfidagi
preparatlar bilan davolash asosiy sabab deb taxmin qilinmoqda. Ayni vaqtda
imkon darajasida RVQ-preparatlar zidovudin va stavudin lipodistrofiya
rivojlanishiga sabab bo’lganligi tufayli kam hollarda qo’llaniladi.
RVQ-preparatlar bilan davolanayotgan bemorlarda yog’ to’qimalari bir joyda
to’planib yoki umuman yo’qolishi mumkin. Bu ko’krak hamda bel hajmining oshishi (yog’ qatlamlarisiz), yog’ to’qimalarining buyinning orqa tomoni
va belning tepa qismida, bo’yin atrofida
va pastki jag’ sohasida yog’ to’planishi, yuz, ayniqsa, lunjlarda, dumbalarda
esa yo’g qatlami yo’qolishi kuzatiladi. Yog’ to’qimalar oyoq-qo’llarda yo’qolishi
tufayli qon-tomirlar chiqib qoladi. Ayrim bemorlar tanasi va oyoq-qo’llarida
qattiq yog’li dumboqchalar –lipomalar paydo bo’ladi. Qorin bo’shlig’ida
to’plangan yog’ – bu ichki a’zolarni o’rab olgan qattiq yog’ to’qimasi bo’lib,
shishgan va zich qorin hissiyotini beradi. Yuqorida aytib o’tilganidek,
lipodistrofiyaga olib keladigan RVQ-preparatlarni ayni vaqtda imkon qadar
qo’llanilmaydi. Dastavval zidovuddin va stavudin, so’ngra esa tenofovir
(Viread) qabul qilishga o’tgan odamlarda oyoq-qo’llaridagi yog’ to’qimalar
sekinlik bilan tiklanadi. Yuz sohasidagi yo’qotligan yog’ to’qimasi har xil
usul bilan tiklanadi. Shikast yetgan sohalarga
“New Fill” firmasining mahsuloti ineksiya usuli bilan
davolanadi. Bu yo’l bilan davolash haqida shifokoringizdan so’rab oling. Bo’yin
atrofidagi yig’ilgan yog’ to’qimalar xirurgik yo’l bilan olinadi. Shu yo’l
bilan lipomani ham olib tashlash mumkin. Davolashning boshqa usuli— o’sish
garmoni va anabolik steroidlar bilan davolash. Muntazam jismoniy faollik
yurak-qon tomir tizimi faoliyatini normallashtirib, ortiqcha tana vazni
yo’qotishiga ma’lum darajada yog’ to’planishini kamaytirishi isbotlangan.
Ushbu o’zgarishlar paydo bo’lgan
bemorlar uyalib, bu preparatlar qabul qilishdan deb o’ylaydilar. Bundan
tashqari tanadagi o’zgarishlar bemorning kayfiyatiga ta’sir qilishi mumkin.
Agar sizda lipodistrofiya tufayli tushkunlik paydo bo’lsa yaqin insoningiz
bilan ochiq-oydin suhbatlashing, bu sizga ko’mak beradi. Shuningdek, bemor va
davolovchi o’rtasidagi o’zari ishonchli munosabatlarni o’rnatadigan tibbiyot
guruhiga murojaat etib, psixoterapiya va deprssiya ni davolash to’g’risida
suhbatlashing.
Metobolizm (modda almashuvi)
o’zgarishi
Virusga qarshi preparatlar modda almashuv
jarayoniga ta’sir qilib, organizmda kerakli miqdorda oziq-ovqat
o’zlashtirilishiga ta’sir ko’rsatadi. Xususan, RVQ dorilar qondagi lipidlar-
xolestirin va triglitseridlar miqdori qand oshib ketishiga sabab bo’ladi.
Xolestirin
Xolestirinning 2 xil turi mavjud:
tarkibida yuqori zichlangan, ya’ni “yaxshi xolestirin” va past zichlikdagi
lipidlar, “yomon xolestirin” deb ataladi. Xolestirin miqdori OIV-infeksiyasi va
boshqa surunkali kasalligi bor bemorlarda kamayib ketadi. Xolestirini yuqori
darajada bo’lishi yurak kasalligi rivojlanishi xavfini oshiradi va RVQ-preparat
qabul qilgan bemorlarda tez-tez kuzatiladi. Agar sizda past zichlikdagi
xolestirin miqdori yuqori darajada bo’lsa quyidagi omillar yurak ishimik
kasalligi rivojlanishi xavfini oshiradi:
·
Chekish
·
Yuqori
arterial qon bosimi
·
Irsiy
yurak kasalliklari
·
Jismoniy
faollikning sust bo’lishi
·
45
yoshdan oshgan erkaklar, hamda 55 yoshdan yuqori yoshdagi ayollar
·
Insulinga
yoki qandli diabetga bo’lgan moyillik
·
Qondagi
qand ko’rsatkichining yuqori bo’lishi
· Inson
ortiqcha vaznga ega bo’lsa, ayniqsa, yog’ qatlamlari tananing o’rta qismida
to’plangan bo’lsa
· Hordiq
chiqaruvchi reaksion narkotiklar: masalan, kokain yoki amfetamin qabul qilish
Agar siz proteaza ingibitorlari bilan
muolajada bo’lsangiz, xolestirin miqdorini nazorat qilmoqlik o’ta muhim.
Triglitseridlar
Triglitseridlar – bu yog’ kislotalari, yog’, qand va kraxmal
hosilasi bo’lib, odam organizmiga ovqat bilan kiradi. Ular qon oqimi bilan
yetkazilib, jigar va to’qimalarda to’planadi. Triglitseridlar miqdori ayrim retrovirusga
qarshi dorilarni qabul qilganda oshib ketishi mumkin.
Glyukoza
Glyukoza – bu qon tarkibidagi qand. Qonda qand miqdorini
oshib ketishi yurak-ishimik kasalligi rivojlanishi xavfini oshiradi. Ba’zi
RVQ-preparatlar qabul qilganda glyukoza miqdori ko’payib ketish ehtimoli bor.
Insulin
Insulin – odam organizmida glyukoza
miqdorini nazorat qiluvchi modda. RVQ-preparatlarni qabul qiluvchi ayrim bemorda qondagi glyukoza miqdorini
me’yorda saqlab turish uchun insulinga ehtiyoji oshadi. Bu holat insulinga
chidamlilik oshishi deb ataladi. Bunday vaqtda qonda glyukoza ko’rsatkichini
aniqlab turishga to’g’ri keladi.
Metabolizmdagi o’zgarishlar belgilari
Qondagi yog’lar va qand miqdori
me’yoridan oshib ketsa, ayrim hollarda quyidagi belgilar paydo bo’lishiga sabab
bo’ladi:
–
Toliqish
–
Bosh
aylanishi (qon bosimi yuqori bo’lganligi tufayli)
–
Diqqat
jamlanishining buzilishi
–
Tez-tez
peshob chiqarish
–
Chanqoqlik
Ayrim bemorlarda yog’
va glyukoza miqdori me’yordan oshgan bo’lsa ham uzoq vaqt davomida o’zgarish
sezmaydilar. Ularda ham yurak-ishemik kasalligi rivojlanishi xafvi yuqori bo’ladi.
OIV-infeksiyasida qo’llanadigan preparatlar va yurak kasalliklari
Siz OIV-infeksiyasiga qarshi davoni boshlagan bo’lsangiz, ayniqsa,
proteaza ingibitorini, qonda yog’ ko’rsatkichi oshib ketishi mumkin. Ba’zi
holatda bu ko’rsatkich juda oshib ketishi siz iste’mol qilayotgan ovqatingiz
o’zgartirishga, jismoniy faollikni oshirib, yog’ miqdorini nazorat qiluvchi
preparatlar ichishga to’g’ri keladi. Proteaza ingibitorini qabul qilgan
bemorlar ishtiroki bilan ilmiy tekshiruvlar shuni ko’rsatdiki, ularda kam
hollarda, lekin yurak-qon tomir kasalligi
rivojlanishiga yuqori xavf tug’diradi. Ayrim tadqiqotlarda (hammasida
emas) abakavir (Ziaden, ya’ni Kiveks va Trizivir tabletkalar kombinatsiyasi)
yurak-qon tomir kasalligini xavfini yuqori darajaga oshiradi. Ayniqsa, bu
kasalliklar bo’yicha xavfli omillar bor bemorlarda tasdiqlandi. Mabodo sizda yurak kasalligiga moyillik
bo’lsa. OIVni davolash uchun preparatlarni ehtiyot bilan tanlamoq kerak, boisi,
ularni qabul qilganda istalmagan ta’siri
oshadi. Biroq, yurak kasalligi rivojlanishi xavfi borligi sizda darhol yurak
muammolarini paydo qiladi degani emas! Ularni oldini olish uchun bir qancha
choralar mavjud. Eng avvalo, muntazam ravishda qondagi xolestirin, triglitserid
va glyukoza miqdorini tekshirib turmoq darkor. Bu o’z navbatida shifokoringizni
ehtiyot choralarini ko’rishga undaydi.
Yurak himoyasi
Siz qonda lipidlar miqdorini saqlab qolish uchun ko’plab choralarni
qo’llay olasiz. Ushbu tarkibga me’yorlashtirilgan oziq-ovqatlar, ko’plab yangi uzilgan
meva-sabzavotlar, doimiy jismoniy tarbiya va chekishni tashlash kiradi.
Gipolipidemik preparatlar
Kam holatlarda shifokor sizga yog’ miqdorini kamaytiruvchi preparatlar
tavsiya qilishi mumkin. Ular yurak kasalliklari va qon-tomir devorlarini
mustahkamlovchi statinlar (xolestirin
miqdorini kamaytiruvchi) va fibratlar (triglitseeridlar va xolestirinni
kamaytiruvchi) deb ataladi. Ayrim statinlar proteaza ingibitorlar bilan bir
vaqtda qo’llanilganda o’zaro ta’siri yuzaga kelib, boshqa nojo’ya ta’sirlar
paydo bo’lishi ehtimoliga ega. Shifokoringiz sizni kuzatuvga olib, nojo’ya
ta’sirlarni o’z vaqtida aniqlab, yordam ko’rsatadi. Bundan tashqari, hozirgi
kunda OIV musbat odamlarning qonida glyukoza va insulin miqdorini nazorat
qilish uchun samarasi yuqori preparatlar o’rganilmoqda. Ko’pgina RVQ
dori-darmonlar jigarda o’zlashtiriladi va shu tufayli muolaja jarayonida jigar
bilan bog’liq muammolar yuzaga keladi. Bu kabi bemorlarda esa boshqa xavfli
omillarga ham sabab bo’ladi: gepatit B
yoki C, jigarga ta’sir qiluvchi preparatlar qabul qilish, hayot tarzining
jihatlari:masalan, narkotik yoki alkogol iste’mol qilish. Oddiy kuzatuvlar
asosida OIV-infeksiyasida jigar faoliyatini aniqlash uchun sizdan qon olinadi.
Agar sizda jigar bilan bog’liq muammolar paydo bo’lsa, qo’llash mumkin bo’lgan
variantlar bor— OIV-infeksiyasini davolash sxemasini o’zgartirish yoki
qo’shimcha davo belgilash. Ovqatlanishga ham o’zgarish kiritsangiz yaxshi
yordam beradi. Ko’proq mva-sabzavotlarni iste’mol qilib, yog’li ovqatlarni
kamaytiring! Jigar shikastlanishi va surunkali kasalliklar xurujiga me’yordan
ko’p alkogol va reaksion narkotiklar olib keladi. Giyohvand va alkogol qabul qiladigan OIV-infeksiyasi bilan
zararlanganlarga tibbiyot xodimlari bir qator savollarini muhokama qilib, davolanish mumkinligini tushuntiradilar.
Periferik nevropatiya
Nervlar shikastlanishi
RVQ-preparatlarning nojo’ya ta’siridir, biroq OIV-infeksiyasining asorati ham
bo’lishi mumkin. RVQ dori-darmonlar ichganda, oyoq-qo’llar uchida joylashgan
nervlar zararlanadi (kamdan-kam holda erkaklar jinsiy a’zolari). Shu sababli bu
nojo’ya ta’sirlar periferik nevropatiya deya ataladi. Odatda periferik
nevropatiya boldir, oyoq, ayrim hollarda qo’llar nervlarini zararlaydi. Belgilar yengil igna sanchishi va uyushishdan
to chidamsiz og’riqgacha namoyon bo’lib,
hattoki bemor oyog’iga paypoq kiya olmay qoladi. Odatda tananing o’ng va
chap tomonlari bir xil shikastlanadi. Nevropatiyaning boshqa belgilari bosh
aylanishi, diareya, erkaklarda jinsiy disfunksiyadir. Periferik nevropatiyaning
asosiy sababchisi— stavudin va didanozin. Ayni kunda ushbu preparatlar faqat
tanlash imkoni bo’lmaganda qo’llaniladi. Lamivudin periferik nevropatiya
rivojlanishi xavfini oshirishi haqida bir qator isbotlar mavjud. Periferik nevropatiya OIV-infeksiyasi bilan
zararlangan odamlarda boshqa preparatlardan ham paydo bo’lishi mumkin. Masalan:
ayrim antibiotiklar, silga qarshi
dori-darmonlar va sarkoma Kaposhini davolashda qo’llaniladigan dorilardan.
Agar sizda RVQ dorilarda nevropatiya rivojlansa, darhol davolash sxemasini
o’zgartirish lozim. Preparatni darhol to’xtatgandan keyin nevropatiya belgilari
taxminan ikki hafta davomida kuchayib, keyin hamma holatlar yo’qoladi. Shu
borada shifokor sizga og’riqni qoldiruvchi vositalarni tavsiya qiladi.
Tekshiruvlar shuni ko’rsatadiki, nevropatiyaning o’tkir kuchli og’riqlarini
Atsetil-L-karnitin preparati kamaytirib, yaxshi samara beradi. OIV bilan
zararlangan odamlarda nervlar shikastlanishi bir necha xil sabablari mavjud:
infeksiyaning o’zi, boshqa kasalliklar, ovqatlanishdagi muammolar. Shuning uchun oyoqlar sanchishi, uyushish,
og’riqlar paydo bo’lsa, bu to’g’risida shifokoringizga murojaat eting, u sizga bularni
sababini aniqlash uchun nazorat o’tkazadi.
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