Lipodistrofiya


Lipodistrofiya” termini yog’ to’qimalarining to’gri taqsimlanishi buzilishini anglatadi. Bu esa o’z navbatida qomat buzilishiga olib keladi. Ilgari buning sababi proteaza ingibitorlari qo’llanishi deb hisoblangan, lekin hozirgi paytda TTNNI sinfidagi preparatlar bilan davolash asosiy sabab deb taxmin qilinmoqda. Ayni vaqtda imkon darajasida RVQ-preparatlar zidovudin va stavudin lipodistrofiya rivojlanishiga sabab bo’lganligi tufayli kam hollarda qo’llaniladi. RVQ-preparatlar bilan davolanayotgan bemorlarda yog’ to’qimalari bir joyda to’planib yoki umuman yo’qolishi mumkin. Bu ko’krak hamda bel  hajmining oshishi (yog’ qatlamlarisiz),  yog’ to’qimalarining buyinning orqa tomoni va  belning tepa qismida, bo’yin atrofida va pastki jag’ sohasida yog’ to’planishi, yuz, ayniqsa, lunjlarda, dumbalarda esa yo’g qatlami yo’qolishi kuzatiladi. Yog’ to’qimalar oyoq-qo’llarda yo’qolishi tufayli qon-tomirlar chiqib qoladi. Ayrim bemorlar tanasi va oyoq-qo’llarida qattiq yog’li dumboqchalar –lipomalar paydo bo’ladi. Qorin bo’shlig’ida to’plangan yog’ – bu ichki a’zolarni o’rab olgan qattiq yog’ to’qimasi bo’lib, shishgan va zich qorin hissiyotini beradi. Yuqorida aytib o’tilganidek, lipodistrofiyaga olib keladigan RVQ-preparatlarni ayni vaqtda imkon qadar qo’llanilmaydi. Dastavval zidovuddin va stavudin, so’ngra esa tenofovir (Viread) qabul qilishga o’tgan odamlarda oyoq-qo’llaridagi yog’ to’qimalar sekinlik bilan tiklanadi. Yuz sohasidagi yo’qotligan yog’ to’qimasi har xil usul bilan tiklanadi. Shikast yetgan sohalarga  “New  Fill”  firmasining mahsuloti ineksiya usuli bilan davolanadi. Bu yo’l bilan davolash haqida shifokoringizdan so’rab oling. Bo’yin atrofidagi yig’ilgan yog’ to’qimalar xirurgik yo’l bilan olinadi. Shu yo’l bilan lipomani ham olib tashlash mumkin. Davolashning boshqa usuli— o’sish garmoni va anabolik steroidlar bilan davolash. Muntazam jismoniy faollik yurak-qon tomir tizimi faoliyatini normallashtirib, ortiqcha tana vazni yo’qotishiga ma’lum darajada yog’ to’planishini kamaytirishi isbotlangan. Ushbu  o’zgarishlar paydo bo’lgan bemorlar uyalib, bu preparatlar qabul qilishdan deb o’ylaydilar. Bundan tashqari tanadagi o’zgarishlar bemorning kayfiyatiga ta’sir qilishi mumkin. Agar sizda lipodistrofiya tufayli tushkunlik paydo bo’lsa yaqin insoningiz bilan ochiq-oydin suhbatlashing, bu sizga ko’mak beradi. Shuningdek, bemor va davolovchi o’rtasidagi o’zari ishonchli munosabatlarni o’rnatadigan tibbiyot guruhiga murojaat etib, psixoterapiya va deprssiya ni davolash to’g’risida suhbatlashing.

Metobolizm (modda almashuvi) o’zgarishi
Virusga qarshi preparatlar modda almashuv jarayoniga ta’sir qilib, organizmda kerakli miqdorda oziq-ovqat o’zlashtirilishiga ta’sir ko’rsatadi. Xususan, RVQ dorilar qondagi lipidlar- xolestirin va triglitseridlar miqdori qand oshib ketishiga sabab bo’ladi.

Xolestirin
Xolestirinning 2 xil turi mavjud: tarkibida yuqori zichlangan, ya’ni “yaxshi xolestirin” va past zichlikdagi lipidlar, “yomon xolestirin” deb ataladi. Xolestirin miqdori OIV-infeksiyasi va boshqa surunkali kasalligi bor bemorlarda kamayib ketadi. Xolestirini yuqori darajada bo’lishi yurak kasalligi rivojlanishi xavfini oshiradi va RVQ-preparat qabul qilgan bemorlarda tez-tez kuzatiladi. Agar sizda past zichlikdagi xolestirin miqdori yuqori darajada bo’lsa quyidagi omillar yurak ishimik kasalligi rivojlanishi xavfini oshiradi:

·       Chekish
·       Yuqori arterial qon bosimi
·       Irsiy yurak kasalliklari
·       Jismoniy faollikning sust bo’lishi
·       45 yoshdan oshgan erkaklar, hamda 55 yoshdan yuqori yoshdagi ayollar
·       Insulinga yoki qandli  diabetga bo’lgan moyillik
·       Qondagi qand ko’rsatkichining  yuqori bo’lishi
·   Inson ortiqcha vaznga ega bo’lsa, ayniqsa, yog’ qatlamlari tananing o’rta qismida to’plangan bo’lsa
· Hordiq chiqaruvchi reaksion narkotiklar: masalan, kokain yoki amfetamin qabul qilish

Agar siz proteaza ingibitorlari bilan  muolajada bo’lsangiz, xolestirin miqdorini nazorat qilmoqlik o’ta muhim.
 Triglitseridlar
Triglitseridlar –  bu yog’ kislotalari, yog’, qand va kraxmal hosilasi bo’lib, odam organizmiga ovqat bilan kiradi. Ular qon oqimi bilan yetkazilib, jigar va to’qimalarda to’planadi. Triglitseridlar miqdori ayrim retrovirusga qarshi dorilarni qabul qilganda oshib ketishi mumkin.

Glyukoza
Glyukoza –  bu qon tarkibidagi qand. Qonda qand miqdorini oshib ketishi yurak-ishimik kasalligi rivojlanishi xavfini oshiradi. Ba’zi RVQ-preparatlar qabul qilganda glyukoza miqdori ko’payib ketish ehtimoli bor.

Insulin
Insulin – odam organizmida glyukoza miqdorini nazorat qiluvchi modda. RVQ-preparatlarni qabul qiluvchi  ayrim bemorda qondagi glyukoza miqdorini me’yorda saqlab turish uchun insulinga ehtiyoji oshadi. Bu holat insulinga chidamlilik oshishi deb ataladi. Bunday vaqtda qonda glyukoza ko’rsatkichini aniqlab turishga to’g’ri keladi.
Metabolizmdagi o’zgarishlar belgilari
Qondagi yog’lar va qand miqdori me’yoridan oshib ketsa, ayrim hollarda quyidagi belgilar paydo bo’lishiga sabab bo’ladi:
       Toliqish
       Bosh aylanishi (qon bosimi yuqori bo’lganligi tufayli)
       Diqqat jamlanishining buzilishi
       Tez-tez peshob chiqarish
       Chanqoqlik

Ayrim bemorlarda yog’ va glyukoza miqdori me’yordan oshgan bo’lsa ham uzoq vaqt davomida o’zgarish sezmaydilar. Ularda ham yurak-ishemik kasalligi rivojlanishi xafvi yuqori  bo’ladi.


OIV-infeksiyasida qo’llanadigan preparatlar va  yurak kasalliklari
Siz OIV-infeksiyasiga qarshi davoni boshlagan bo’lsangiz, ayniqsa, proteaza ingibitorini, qonda yog’ ko’rsatkichi oshib ketishi mumkin. Ba’zi holatda bu ko’rsatkich juda oshib ketishi siz iste’mol qilayotgan ovqatingiz o’zgartirishga, jismoniy faollikni oshirib, yog’ miqdorini nazorat qiluvchi preparatlar ichishga to’g’ri keladi. Proteaza ingibitorini qabul qilgan bemorlar ishtiroki bilan ilmiy tekshiruvlar shuni ko’rsatdiki, ularda kam hollarda, lekin yurak-qon tomir kasalligi  rivojlanishiga yuqori xavf tug’diradi. Ayrim tadqiqotlarda (hammasida emas) abakavir (Ziaden, ya’ni Kiveks va Trizivir tabletkalar kombinatsiyasi) yurak-qon tomir kasalligini xavfini yuqori darajaga oshiradi. Ayniqsa, bu kasalliklar bo’yicha xavfli omillar bor bemorlarda tasdiqlandi.  Mabodo sizda yurak kasalligiga moyillik bo’lsa. OIVni davolash uchun preparatlarni ehtiyot bilan tanlamoq kerak, boisi, ularni qabul qilganda  istalmagan ta’siri oshadi. Biroq, yurak kasalligi rivojlanishi xavfi borligi sizda darhol yurak muammolarini paydo qiladi degani emas! Ularni oldini olish uchun bir qancha choralar mavjud. Eng avvalo, muntazam ravishda qondagi xolestirin, triglitserid va glyukoza miqdorini tekshirib turmoq darkor. Bu o’z navbatida shifokoringizni ehtiyot choralarini ko’rishga undaydi.
    
Yurak himoyasi
Siz qonda lipidlar miqdorini saqlab qolish uchun ko’plab choralarni qo’llay olasiz. Ushbu tarkibga me’yorlashtirilgan  oziq-ovqatlar, ko’plab yangi uzilgan meva-sabzavotlar, doimiy jismoniy tarbiya va chekishni tashlash kiradi.

Gipolipidemik preparatlar
Kam holatlarda shifokor sizga yog’ miqdorini kamaytiruvchi preparatlar tavsiya qilishi mumkin. Ular yurak kasalliklari va qon-tomir devorlarini mustahkamlovchi  statinlar (xolestirin miqdorini kamaytiruvchi) va fibratlar (triglitseeridlar va xolestirinni kamaytiruvchi) deb ataladi. Ayrim statinlar proteaza ingibitorlar bilan bir vaqtda qo’llanilganda o’zaro ta’siri yuzaga kelib, boshqa nojo’ya ta’sirlar paydo bo’lishi ehtimoliga ega. Shifokoringiz sizni kuzatuvga olib, nojo’ya ta’sirlarni o’z vaqtida aniqlab, yordam ko’rsatadi. Bundan tashqari, hozirgi kunda OIV musbat odamlarning qonida glyukoza va insulin miqdorini nazorat qilish uchun samarasi yuqori preparatlar o’rganilmoqda. Ko’pgina RVQ dori-darmonlar jigarda o’zlashtiriladi va shu tufayli muolaja jarayonida jigar bilan bog’liq muammolar yuzaga keladi. Bu kabi bemorlarda esa boshqa xavfli omillarga  ham sabab bo’ladi: gepatit B yoki C, jigarga ta’sir qiluvchi preparatlar qabul qilish, hayot tarzining jihatlari:masalan, narkotik yoki alkogol iste’mol qilish. Oddiy kuzatuvlar asosida OIV-infeksiyasida jigar faoliyatini aniqlash uchun sizdan qon olinadi. Agar sizda jigar bilan bog’liq muammolar paydo bo’lsa, qo’llash mumkin bo’lgan variantlar bor— OIV-infeksiyasini davolash sxemasini o’zgartirish yoki qo’shimcha davo belgilash. Ovqatlanishga ham o’zgarish kiritsangiz yaxshi yordam beradi. Ko’proq mva-sabzavotlarni iste’mol qilib, yog’li ovqatlarni kamaytiring! Jigar shikastlanishi va surunkali kasalliklar xurujiga me’yordan ko’p alkogol va reaksion narkotiklar olib keladi. Giyohvand va alkogol  qabul qiladigan OIV-infeksiyasi bilan zararlanganlarga tibbiyot xodimlari bir qator savollarini muhokama qilib,  davolanish mumkinligini tushuntiradilar.

Periferik nevropatiya
Nervlar shikastlanishi RVQ-preparatlarning nojo’ya ta’siridir, biroq OIV-infeksiyasining asorati ham bo’lishi mumkin. RVQ dori-darmonlar ichganda, oyoq-qo’llar uchida joylashgan nervlar zararlanadi (kamdan-kam holda erkaklar jinsiy a’zolari). Shu sababli bu nojo’ya ta’sirlar periferik nevropatiya deya ataladi. Odatda periferik nevropatiya boldir, oyoq, ayrim hollarda qo’llar nervlarini zararlaydi.  Belgilar yengil igna sanchishi va uyushishdan to chidamsiz og’riqgacha namoyon bo’lib,  hattoki bemor oyog’iga paypoq kiya olmay qoladi. Odatda tananing o’ng va chap tomonlari bir xil shikastlanadi. Nevropatiyaning boshqa belgilari bosh aylanishi, diareya, erkaklarda jinsiy disfunksiyadir. Periferik nevropatiyaning asosiy sababchisi— stavudin va didanozin. Ayni kunda ushbu preparatlar faqat tanlash imkoni bo’lmaganda qo’llaniladi. Lamivudin periferik nevropatiya rivojlanishi xavfini oshirishi haqida bir qator isbotlar mavjud.  Periferik nevropatiya OIV-infeksiyasi bilan zararlangan odamlarda boshqa preparatlardan ham paydo bo’lishi mumkin. Masalan: ayrim  antibiotiklar, silga qarshi dori-darmonlar va   sarkoma  Kaposhini davolashda qo’llaniladigan dorilardan. Agar sizda RVQ dorilarda nevropatiya rivojlansa, darhol davolash sxemasini o’zgartirish lozim. Preparatni darhol to’xtatgandan keyin nevropatiya belgilari taxminan ikki hafta davomida kuchayib, keyin hamma holatlar yo’qoladi. Shu borada shifokor sizga og’riqni qoldiruvchi vositalarni tavsiya qiladi. Tekshiruvlar shuni ko’rsatadiki, nevropatiyaning o’tkir kuchli og’riqlarini Atsetil-L-karnitin preparati kamaytirib, yaxshi samara beradi. OIV bilan zararlangan odamlarda nervlar shikastlanishi bir necha xil sabablari mavjud: infeksiyaning o’zi, boshqa kasalliklar, ovqatlanishdagi muammolar.  Shuning uchun oyoqlar sanchishi, uyushish, og’riqlar paydo bo’lsa, bu to’g’risida shifokoringizga murojaat eting, u sizga bularni sababini aniqlash uchun nazorat o’tkazadi.

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